Peer-reviewed journal
Global Review of Finance and EconomicsBusiness, finance, and policy research.
Peer-reviewed journal
Global Review of Finance and EconomicsBusiness, finance, and policy research.
The Global Review of Finance and Economics (GRFE) is a peer-reviewed, international, gold open-access journal published by Summit Publisher LLC, a United States-based academic publishing house. The journal publishes original empirical and theoretical research that advances understanding across the full spectrum of finance and economics disciplines, with a dual editorial focus on (i) the evolving dynamics of global capital markets, financial institutions, and corporate governance, and (ii) the macroeconomic and microeconomic frameworks that shape fiscal policy, monetary systems, and development economics.
GRFE is the inaugural title in Summit Publisher's Economic and Financial Sciences Series. The journal is built on three commitments: research excellence that advances theory, evidence, and practice in finance and economics; policy relevance that connects rigorous analysis to real-world economic and institutional decisions; and a global outlook that welcomes perspectives from scholars, practitioners, and institutions across continents. Submissions from all geographic regions and methodological traditions are welcome, and the journal serves researchers, economists, financial analysts, and policy makers.
Core topic areas include, but are not limited to: capital markets and asset pricing; corporate finance and governance; banking and financial intermediation; monetary and fiscal policy; international finance and trade; development economics; behavioral finance; environmental, social, and governance (ESG) economics; financial risk management; digital economy and financial technology; public finance; and economic theory. The journal does not publish purely descriptive studies, textbook-style reviews without critical analysis, or work lacking clear methodological grounding.
GRFE accepts three categories of submission. Authors must declare the article type at submission so that editors can route the manuscript to the appropriate review track.
● Research Articles. Original, scholarly contributions in finance, economics, and related fields. A Research Article must demonstrate a clear research objective, appropriate methodology, sound analysis, and conclusions supported by evidence. The expected structure is title, abstract, keywords, introduction, literature or theoretical framework, methodology, results and analysis, discussion, conclusion, references, and declarations. Structure may vary with the nature of the research. Research Articles undergo editorial screening followed by external peer review.
● Review Articles. Comprehensive and critical examinations of established research, theories, methods, or developments. A Review Article must synthesize relevant literature, identify important developments and research gaps, and demonstrate a systematic and critical approach. Where applicable, authors should clearly describe the scope and methodology of the literature review. Review Articles undergo editorial assessment and external peer review.
● Research Notes. Concise original research findings, methodological observations, preliminary results, or focused empirical analyses. A Research Note must contain a clear research contribution and sufficient methodological and evidentiary detail to support the claims made. Research Notes are subject to editorial assessment and peer review.
GRFE operates a centralized double-blind peer-review system with automated anonymization protocols. Author identities are concealed from reviewers, and reviewer identities are concealed from authors. To preserve anonymity, the anonymized manuscript file must not contain author names, affiliations, acknowledgments, ORCID identifiers, or any other self-identifying information. Self-citations should be written in the third person so that authorship cannot be inferred. Reviewer identities and confidential reviewer comments are treated as confidential, and authors and reviewers should not attempt to identify one another during the review process.
Every submission is screened with iThenticate similarity detection software as a mandatory step in the editorial workflow. The screening report is reviewed by the editorial office prior to peer review. Submissions with an unacceptable similarity index, or with verbatim text reuse from previously published sources that is not properly quoted and cited, may be returned to the authors for revision, held for further editorial investigation, or desk-rejected in cases of suspected misconduct. Authors are encouraged to proactively ensure that all verbatim text from prior work is enclosed in quotation marks with full attribution, and that paraphrased material is appropriately cited. Where authors are reusing their own previously published content, the source must be disclosed at submission.
GRFE targets a first editorial decision within twenty-one (21) calendar days of submission, subject to reviewer availability. Authors are notified by email of every editorial action taken on their manuscript. If a manuscript is sent for external peer review, a minimum of two reviewers is typically engaged to provide an independent expert assessment of scientific quality. Editors may render one of several decisions: accept, minor revision, major revision, reject, or reject with invitation to resubmit. Editorial governance is aligned with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), and a strict separation is maintained between business operations and editorial decision-making.
GRFE is a fully gold open-access journal. All published articles are immediately and permanently available online without subscription, paywall, or access fee. Articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Under this license, authors retain copyright of their work, and third parties are free to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the material in any medium or format, provided that the original work is properly cited. Authors should review the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license before submission to ensure that this distribution model is acceptable for any institutional or funder requirements that apply to their work.
GRFE charges no Article Processing Charge (APC) for the publication of accepted manuscripts. The APC is USD 0 (free) for all authors, regardless of institutional affiliation, geographic location, or article type. No submission fee, page charge, color figure fee, or surcharge of any kind is levied. Authors should not be invoiced for any publication-related service, and any party claiming to collect an APC on behalf of GRFE should be reported to the editorial office immediately.
Published articles are professionally copyedited, typeset, and tagged with structured metadata. Each published article receives a permanent Crossref DOI that resolves to the canonical version of record on the journal website. Articles are published online continuously as they are finalized and are subsequently compiled into quarterly, volume-based issues for archival and citation purposes.
Authors, editors, and reviewers are expected to follow ethical guidelines aligned with the practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Authors must ensure the originality of their work, declare any competing interests, and disclose all sources of funding. Reviewers must evaluate manuscripts objectively, respect confidentiality, and declare any conflicts of interest. Editors are not involved in decisions about papers that they have written themselves, that have been written by family members or close colleagues, or that relate to products or services in which they have an interest. Any such submission is handled through the journal's usual procedures, with peer review managed independently of the conflicted editor.
Submission of an article to GRFE implies that the work described has not been published previously, except in the form of a preprint, abstract, published lecture, academic thesis, or registered report; that the article is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that the article's publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out; and that, if accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically, without the written consent of the copyright holder. To verify compliance with these policies, GRFE may check submitted manuscripts with screening tools, including the iThenticate similarity detection service.
All authors should have made substantial contributions to (i) the conception and design of the study, or the acquisition of data, or the analysis and interpretation of data; (ii) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (iii) final approval of the version to be submitted. All authors are accountable for all aspects of the work, ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Authors must appoint a single corresponding author to communicate with the journal during the editorial process and after publication. The corresponding author's contact details must be kept up to date throughout the submission and publication process.
Corresponding authors are encouraged to acknowledge co-author contributions using the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT). The standard CRediT roles are: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Writing — original draft; and Writing — review and editing. Not all CRediT roles will apply to every manuscript, and individual authors may contribute through multiple roles. The CRediT statement should appear in a dedicated section before the reference list, formatted as: "Author A: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing — original draft. Author B: Formal analysis, Validation, Writing — review and editing."
Authorship changes are generally not considered once a manuscript has been submitted. Authors must carefully consider the authorship list and order of authors and provide a definitive author list at the time of submission. Changes can be made only prior to acceptance, and only if approved by the journal editor. Requests to change authorship must be made by the corresponding author, who must provide the reason for the request and written confirmation from all authors, including any authors being added or removed, that they agree with the proposed changes. GRFE does not allow authorship changes after acceptance. Authorship change requests made without editorial approval may result in rejection of the manuscript or retraction if the article has already been published.
All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias their work. Examples of potential competing interests include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications or registrations, grants or other funding, and affiliation with the journal as an editor or advisory board member. Authors with no competing interests to declare should select the option "I have nothing to declare." Authors with a journal affiliation to declare should enter the following text under "Other Activities": "Given their role as [AUTHOR JOURNAL ROLE TITLE], [AUTHOR NAME] had no involvement in the peer review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to another journal editor."
Authors must disclose any funding sources that provided financial support for the conduct of the research and the preparation of the article. The role of sponsors, if any, should be declared in relation to the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, and the decision to submit the article for publication. If funding sources had no such involvement, this should be stated in the submission. List funding sources using the following standard format to facilitate compliance with funder requirements: "Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; and the Smith Family Foundation [grant number zzzz]." If no funding has been provided, include the sentence: "This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors."
Authors may use generative AI (GenAI) and AI-assisted technologies to support manuscript preparation, provided that such tools are used only with human oversight and control and never as a substitute for human critical thinking, expertise, and evaluation. Authors are responsible and accountable for the accuracy, comprehensiveness, and impartiality of all AI-generated output, including the verification of sources, because AI-generated references can be incorrect or fabricated. AI tools must not be listed or cited as an author or co-author, since authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to, and performed by, humans.
The use of AI tools in manuscript preparation must be declared by adding a statement at the end of the manuscript, before the reference list. The statement will appear in the published work. The declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools, such as those used to check grammar, spelling, and references, nor to AI features within specialist assistive technology used solely for accessibility. Authors who have nothing to disclose are not required to add a statement.
Title of new section: Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Manuscript Preparation Process.
Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME OF TOOL/SERVICE] to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the published article.
Authors may share preprints of their work on a recognized preprint server prior to submission to GRFE. Sharing a preprint does not count as prior publication and does not prejudice consideration of the manuscript. Authors should disclose the preprint at submission, including the server name and DOI, and should update the preprint with a link to the published version of record once the article is accepted. Authors are advised to ensure that preprint sharing is consistent with any funder or institutional open-access requirements that apply to their work.
Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Authors should ensure that their work uses inclusive language throughout and contains nothing that might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, or health condition. Avoid descriptors about personal attributes unless they are relevant and valid. Where possible, use plural, gender-neutral nouns as the default, and avoid assumptions about the beliefs of readers. Manuscripts should be free of bias, stereotypes, slang, and reference to any dominant culture.
Authors may adjust images for clarity, but any manipulation of images for the purpose of deception or fraud is treated as scientific ethical abuse. No specific feature within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable as long as they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original image. Nonlinear adjustments, such as changes to gamma settings, must be disclosed in the figure legend. The use of AI tools to create or alter primary research images, including images that represent experimental or observational data such as charts derived from primary datasets, is not permitted. Authors are encouraged to carefully check all images before submission and to connect all data in figures to the original, unprocessed data.
Research involving human participants, their data, or their biological materials must be carried out in compliance with relevant laws and regulations and must be approved by the appropriate institutional ethics committee. Authors should ensure that informed consent was obtained for research with human participants, that consent was given without coercion, and that the privacy rights of participants were observed. Where studies involve only publicly available, fully anonymized data, authors should confirm that no identifying information is included. All studies involving human participants require a statement that details any ethical approvals obtained, including the date and reference number, the guidelines followed, and confirmation of informed consent. If ethical approval is not required, the statement must explain why the study is exempt and confirm that appropriate protocols were utilized.
GRFE follows COPE guidelines for article correction, withdrawal, and retraction. Authors who wish to withdraw a submitted manuscript should contact the editorial office at the earliest opportunity. If a published article is later found to contain serious errors, the journal will issue a Correction notice that is linked to the original article. If significant portions of the work are found to be unreliable, either as a result of honest error or misconduct, the journal will issue a Retraction notice. Retractions are publicly linked to the original article and indexed in Crossref. Authors who believe a published article requires correction or retraction should contact the editorial office with a full explanation of the concern and supporting evidence.
Manuscripts and additional text-based files should be submitted in an editable format. Submit files with .doc or .docx extensions for Word documents and .tex for LaTeX files. PDF is not an acceptable source file. Format Word files in a single-column layout. Double-column formatting is only permitted for LaTeX submissions. Remove all strikethrough and underline formatting unless it is scientifically relevant. Manuscripts should be submitted with continuous line numbering to facilitate review.
The title page is required and must be submitted as a separate file from the anonymized manuscript. The title page must contain the following elements: the article title; the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author, with the order matching the order in the submission system; the full name and postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, with affiliations indicated by lowercase superscript letters immediately after the author's name; the corresponding author's name, full postal address, and email address; ORCID identifiers for all authors; acknowledgments (only on the title page, not in the anonymized manuscript); and the declaration of competing interests, when a separate declaration file is not submitted. A sample title page template is provided in Appendix A.
Because GRFE operates a double-blind review process, the anonymized manuscript must be submitted separately from the title page. The anonymized manuscript must contain the main body of the paper, including the abstract, keywords, all section text, references, tables, figures, and supplementary material, but must not contain any author names, affiliations, acknowledgments, ORCID identifiers, or other self-identifying information. Self-citations should be written in the third person. If the manuscript cites the authors' own prior work, replace identifying text with generic phrasing such as "[Author, Year]" or "[Citation removed for peer review]" and provide the full citation in a separate cover letter to the editor.
The abstract must be concise and factual, must not exceed 200 words, and must be able to stand alone, as abstracts are often presented separately from the article. The abstract should state the purpose of the paper, outline the basic procedures followed, present the main findings including statistical significance where applicable, and emphasize new and important aspects of the study. Avoid references in the abstract; if any are essential, cite the author(s) and year(s) in full. Avoid non-standard or uncommon abbreviations; if any are essential, they must be defined at first mention.
Authors must provide between one and six keywords for indexing purposes. Keywords should be written in English and should avoid multi-word phrases that contain "and" or "of." Use abbreviations in keywords only if they are firmly established in the field. Keywords are listed immediately below the abstract.
Authors are encouraged to provide article highlights at submission. Highlights are a short collection of three to five bullet points that capture the novel results of the research and any new methods used during the study. Highlights should be submitted as a separate editable file with the word "highlights" included in the file name. Each bullet point should be a maximum of 85 characters, including spaces. Highlights help increase the discoverability of articles via search engines.
Authors are encouraged to provide a graphical abstract at submission. The graphical abstract summarizes the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial, and professional form, highlighting the most important aspects of the research. Ensure that any third-party material included in the graphical abstract has been cleared for reuse. Submit the graphical abstract as a separate file. The image must be at least 1328 pixels wide, with the longest side horizontal, and readable at a width of 13 cm. Preferred file types are TIFF, EPS, PDF, or MS Office files. Any use of generative AI in the production of a graphical abstract must be disclosed in the caption and in the general generative AI disclosure statement.
Submit math equations as editable text, not as images. Present simple formulae inline with normal text where possible. Use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms such as X/Y. Present variables in italics. Denote powers of e by exp. Display equations separately from text, numbering them consecutively in the order they are referred to. The journal's standard numbering format for equations is (1), (2), (3), and so on.
Tables must be submitted as editable text, not as images. Place each table next to the relevant text in the manuscript or at the end of the article on a separate page. Cite all tables in the manuscript text. Number tables consecutively according to their appearance in the text. Provide captions for each table, and place any table notes below the table body. Avoid vertical rules and shading within table cells. Use tables sparingly, ensuring that data presented in tables does not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Figures, images, diagrams, and other graphical media must be supplied as separate files along with the manuscript. When submitting artwork, cite all images in the manuscript text, number images according to their order of appearance, and submit each image as a separate file using a logical naming convention (for example, Figure_1, Figure_2). All artwork must have a caption that consists of a brief title and a description of the image; keep the amount of text to a minimum, and explain any symbol or abbreviation used.
Submit artwork in the appropriate format. Vector drawings should be EPS or PDF with embedded fonts or text saved as graphics. Photographs in color or grayscale should be TIFF, JPG, or PNG at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi (minimum width: single column 1063 pixels; full page 2244 pixels). Bitmapped line drawings should be TIFF, JPG, or PNG at a minimum resolution of 1000 dpi (minimum width: single column 3543 pixels; full page 7480 pixels). Charts and large or shaded tables should be supplied in XLS or XLSX format. Annotated images may be submitted as PPT or PPTX with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi for embedded images. Do not submit files that are too low in resolution, artwork where text is disproportionately small compared with the image size, or multiple images combined into a single file (with the exception of before-and-after comparison sets).
Generative AI tools may be used to support the creation of explanatory images such as flow charts, conceptual diagrams, or schematic illustrations. AI tools may also be used to create data visualizations such as plots, charts, graphs, or heatmaps when the output is directly derived from underlying data using reproducible analytical, computational, or statistical methods. AI tools must not be used to create or alter images that represent primary observed or experimental data, including western blots, microscopy images, histology images, patient images, or charts derived from primary datasets. Adjustments to brightness, contrast, or color balance of primary research images should only be made using established image processing software. Authors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy and originality of all images submitted for publication, and any use of generative AI tools in image creation must be disclosed both in the relevant figure caption and in the general generative AI disclosure statement.
Supplementary materials such as applications, additional images, datasets, and sound clips may be submitted to enhance the research. Supplementary material should be accurate and relevant to the research. Cite all supplementary files in the manuscript text. Submit all supplementary material at the same time as the manuscript, and include a concise caption for each supplementary file describing its content. After submission, supplementary files can only be added or replaced during the revision stage. All supplementary material provided will appear online exactly as received; it will not be checked, formatted, or typeset by the production team, so authors should ensure that any unwanted formatting is removed.
GRFE is committed to supporting the storage, access, and discovery of research data. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate research findings, and may include software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods, and other useful materials related to the project. GRFE applies Option B of its research data guidelines: authors are encouraged to deposit their research data in a relevant data repository, to cite and link to that dataset in the article, and, if data cannot be shared, to make a statement explaining why. Linking to the data underlying an article increases exposure, may lead to new collaborations, and provides readers with a better understanding of the research.
Authors may link their article directly to a dataset in a recognized repository by providing a link during the submission process or by including the dataset identifier within the article text using the format "Database: 12345" (for example, ICPSR: 37325; Dryad: 8J3K2R). Data references should be listed in the reference list and should include author name(s), dataset title, data repository, version (where available), year, and a global persistent identifier such as a DOI. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference to facilitate identification; this tag will not appear in the published article.
Divide the manuscript into clearly defined and numbered sections. Number subsections 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), then 1.2, and so on. Use this numbering format when cross-referencing within the article. You may give subsections a brief heading; headings should appear on a separate line. Do not include the article abstract within section numbering. The recommended structure for a Research Article is as follows.
● Introduction. State the objectives of the work and provide adequate background. Avoid writing a detailed literature overview or summarizing results.
● Methods. Provide sufficient detail about materials and methods to allow the work to be reproduced by an independent researcher. If the method has been published previously, summarize it and cite the original source. Describe any modifications to existing methods.
● Results. Present results clearly, concisely, and reproducibly. Cross-reference all tables and figures in the text.
● Discussion. Explore the significance of the results without repeating them. Avoid extensive citations and detailed discussion of published literature.
● Conclusion. Present the main conclusions of the study. A stand-alone conclusion section is preferred, but conclusions may also be included as a subsection of the discussion or results and discussion section.
● Theory and Calculation. Where applicable, the theory section should extend the background provided in the introduction, and the calculation section should represent a practical development from that theoretical basis.
● Author Contributions (CRediT). Acknowledge co-author contributions using the CRediT roles taxonomy described in section 4.3.
● Appendices. Identify individual appendices using the format A, B, and so on. Give separate numbering to formulae, tables, and figures within appendices (Eq. (A.1), Table A.1, Fig. A.1, etc.).
Use footnotes sparingly. If included, footnotes should be numbered consecutively. You may use system features that automatically build footnotes into text, or you may indicate the position of footnotes within the text and present them in a separate section at the end of the article.
Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association, as set out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020), ISBN 978-1-4338-3215-4. The reference list should be arranged alphabetically and then chronologically. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters 'a', 'b', 'c', and so on, placed after the year of publication. Any reference cited in the article should also be present in the reference list, and vice versa. References cited in the abstract must be given in full. Where available, include Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), as they provide a permanent link to the electronic article referenced. Authors are encouraged not to include unpublished results or personal communications in the reference list; if mentioned in the text, they should follow the standard reference style with the publication date replaced by "unpublished results" or "personal communication."
Standard APA 7th edition reference formats are illustrated below.
Journal article: Van der Geer, J., Handgraaf, T., & Lupton, R. A. (2020). The art of writing a scientific article. Journal of Scientific Communications, 163, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sc.2020.00372
Book: Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (2000). The elements of style (4th ed.). Longman.
Book chapter: Mettam, G. R., & Adams, L. B. (2020). How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In B. S. Jones & R. Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the electronic age (pp. 281–304). E-Publishing Inc.
Website: Powertech Systems. (2022). Lithium-ion vs lead-acid cost analysis. Retrieved from http://www.powertechsystems.eu/home/tech-corner/lithium-ion-vs-lead-acid-cost-analysis/
Dataset: Oguro, M., Imahiro, S., Saito, S., & Nakashizuka, T. (2015). Mortality data for Japanese oak wilt disease and surrounding forest compositions [dataset]. Mendeley Data, v1. https://doi.org/10.17632/xwj98nb39r.1
Software: Coon, E., Berndt, M., Jan, A., et al. (2020). Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) (Version 0.88) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727209
Conference paper: Engle, E. K., Cash, T. F., & Jarry, J. L. (2019, November). The Body Image Behaviours Inventory-3. Poster session presentation at the meeting of the Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.
Web references should be listed with the full URL and the date when the reference was last accessed. Web references may be listed separately under a new heading directly after the reference list, or included within the main reference list. Preprints may be cited when they are central to the work or cover crucial developments, but where a preprint has subsequently become available as a peer-reviewed publication, the formal publication should be used as the reference. Authors who use reference management software such as Mendeley Reference Manager should select the APA 7th edition template and remove all field codes before submitting the manuscript.
Before completing the submission of a manuscript, authors are advised to verify the following items. Submissions that do not meet these minimum requirements may be returned without review.
● One author has been designated as the corresponding author, and full contact details have been provided. These must be kept up to date during the submission and publication process.
● The title page (with author details) and the anonymized manuscript (without author details) have been prepared as separate files.
● All files have been uploaded, including artwork, tables, footnotes, captions, and any supplementary materials.
● The abstract does not exceed 200 words, and between one and six keywords have been provided.
● Spelling and grammar checks have been carried out. Manuscripts should be written in American or British English, but not a combination of both.
● All references in the article text are cited in the reference list, and vice versa. Reference list entries follow APA 7th edition formatting.
● All tables and figures are numbered, labeled, and cited in the text.
● Permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material from other sources, including the web.
● Funding sources and competing interests have been declared.
● Any use of generative AI tools has been disclosed in the manuscript, in figure captions where applicable, and in the declaration statement.
Submissions are made through the journal's online submission system at https://summitpublisher.com/index.php/grfe/. The system guides authors through the process of entering manuscript metadata, uploading files, and confirming submission. All correspondence, including notification of the editor's decision and requests for revision, is sent by email to the corresponding author. Authors are encouraged to whitelist the journal's email domain to ensure that editorial correspondence is received promptly.
Following acceptance, the corresponding author will receive a link to complete a brief publishing agreement. Under the CC BY 4.0 license applied by GRFE, authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal a license to publish. No transfer of copyright is required. Authors are advised to review the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license and any funder license requirements before accepting the agreement. Because GRFE charges no Article Processing Charge, no invoicing or payment step is associated with the publishing agreement.
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included in the article, authors must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) within the article. Permission must be sought for any third-party material that is not available under a license that permits reuse, including most figures, tables, and extended quotations from prior publications. Authors are responsible for any permission fees that may apply.
To ensure a fast publication process, corresponding authors are asked to provide proof corrections within two business days. The corresponding author will receive an email with a link to the online proofing system, where text can be edited, comments can be added to figures and tables, and questions raised by the copy editor can be answered. The purpose of the proof is to check typesetting, editing, completeness, and correctness of the article text, tables, and figures. Significant changes to the article at the proofing stage will be considered only with the approval of the journal editor.
Authors are encouraged to share and promote their published article to give additional visibility to their work and to contribute to scientific progress. Under the CC BY 4.0 license, the published version of record may be shared freely on personal websites, institutional repositories, academic social networks, and other scholarly communication channels, provided that the article is properly cited and a link to the canonical version on the journal website is included. Authors may also use the Crossref DOI assigned to their article as a permanent reference link in correspondence, presentations, and grant reports.
Authors are encouraged to consult this Guide for Authors before reaching out with common questions, as most submission-related queries are addressed in the sections above. For matters that are not covered in this guide, including questions about the editorial process, technical support for the submission system, and inquiries about a specific manuscript, authors may contact the GRFE editorial office through the journal's website at Contact When contacting the editorial office, please include the manuscript ID, the corresponding author's name, and a clear description of the question or concern so that the editorial team can route the inquiry to the appropriate editor or production contact.
GRFE aims to acknowledge all editorial correspondence within three business days. Authors who do not receive a response within this window are encouraged to follow up through the same channel to ensure that the original message was received. The editorial office is the primary point of contact for all pre-publication and post-publication matters relating to a manuscript.